1. Typical  peripheral cystoid degeneration of the retina: 

a. is associated with high myopia

b. produces cystic spaces in the nerve fibre layer

c. increases the risk of retinal detachment

d. has overlying liquefied vitreous 

e. gives rise to retinoschisis through coalescence of the cystic 
    spaces
 

Answera.F   b.F   c.F   d.F  e.T
Typical peripheral cystoid degeneration of the 
retina is a common findings in people over the age of 20.
It is not associated with high myopia or retinal 
detachment.
There is no overlying liquefied vitreous as in lattice degeneration.
Typical degenerative retinoschisis is formed through 
coalescence of the cystic spaces. The retinoschisis is typically found in the inferotemporal region.

2. The following stains are useful in showing up calcium in the tissue: 

a. Prussian blue 

b. von Kossa

c. Alizarin red

d. crystal violet

e. sudan black

Answera. F   b.T   c.T   d.F   e.F
Calcium appears red with alizarian red and black with von Kossa.
Prussian blue is useful for iron
Crystal violet for amyloid
Sudan black for oil

3. Touton's giant cells occur in: 

a. histiocystosis X 

b. tuberous xanthoma

c. juvenile xanthogranuloma 

d. Erdheim-Chester's disease

e. liposarcoma

Answera.F   b.T   c.T   d.T   e.T
Touton's cell is a type of giant cell characterized by presence of a ring of nuclei that separate a clear peripheral cytoplasm from the central eosinophilic cytoplasm.
It is seen in many conditions including:
juvenile xanthogranuloma
tuberous xanthoma occurs in patients with type II or III 
hyperlipidaemia. Plaque-like nodules may appear on the eyelids.
Erdheim-Chester's disease (lipoid granulomatosis)
= elevated blood lipid levels + lipogranuloma formation 
with reactive inflammatory involvement of the long bones, 
lungs, heart, and kidneys. Ocular manifestation include bilateral xanthelasma, exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia, oedema and atrophy of the optic nerve, and retinal striae.
liposarcoma

4. Sturge-Weber's syndrome is associated with: 

a. localized form of choroidal haemangioma 

b. meningeal haemangioma

c. neovascular glaucoma

d. optic glioma 

e. cavernous haemangioma

Answera.F   b.T   c.F   d.F   e.F
Sturge-Weber's syndrome is associated with diffused
form of choroidal haemangioma, open angle glaucoma, 
meningeal haemangioma and capillary haemangioma of the skin.

a

5. The following are true about orbital meningioma:

a. it is commoner in female than male

b. it usually arises from intracranial extension.

c. it is associated with type I neurofibromatosis

d. orbital calcification is a common feature 

e. Psamomma bodies are essential for histological diagnosis
 

Answera.T   b.T   c.T   d.T   e.F
Psamomma bodies are found in meningioma but are not essential for diagnosis.