2. Apostilb – the luminance of a perfectly diffusing reflecting surface reflecting or emitting 1 lumen/sq m

3. The atoms used in producing excimer lasers of 193nm – Argon Fluoride

4. Laser light can be focused to a small spot unlike white light because it is –very highly monochromatic

5. Idea pinhole aperture size – 1.2 mm

6. Range of refractive errors that can be corrected with pinhole vision - -5D to +5D

7. Diffractive effects of reducing pinhole size and subsequent effect on VA

8. Pinhole VA will become WORSE  in a case of 

9. ‘Pumping’ refers to – exciting atoms in ground state to excited state

10. What are the image characteristics of an object placed inside the focal length of a convex lens

11. What are the image characteristics of a convex mirror x 2 – Virtual, upright, minified

12. Operating microscopes are based on which optical principle – Astronomical Telescope

13. BIO is based on what optical principle? – Astronomical Telescope

14. If a patient’s pupil is not conjugate with the observer’s pupil, - the 

15. The image formed by a prism is – virtual, erect, displaced toward the apex

16. Formula for projected post-operative K reading

17. The Keratometer measures 

18. The Keratometer – the formed image size is proportionate to the radius of the cornea

19. Goldmann applanation tonometry – Dynes of pressure equivalent to mmHg x 10

20. Goldmann applanation tonometry – 3.06 mm (size of applanated cornea when measurement taken)

21. Ophthalmic USS – 8MHz

22. Non contact axial length can be taken through

23. A prism with a power of 1 prism dioptre – shifts an image one cm at one m away.

24. Anisometropic aniseikonia can be reduced by – using combinations of contact lenses and spectacle lenses to produce Galilean telescopic effects

25. Position of Phakic IOLS

26. The human eye is equivalent to a simple magnifier of power – 60D

27. A patient who is -13D myopic will have better best corrected VA with contacts rather than spectacle lenses because

28. A previously emmetropic aphakic eye is best corrected with a lens placed at

29. Streak retinoscopy: Scissors reflex  – part of pupil reflex showing WITH and another part showing AGAINST within the pupil 

30. Streak retinoscopy: If the working distance were 67 cm, what working distance lens would you use? – +1.5D

31. With the rule astigmatism can be corrected with a plus cylinder lens at – Axis 90

32. Streak retinoscopy: If the observer were at the patient’s far point in streak retinoscopy and he moved forward, what would the pupil reflex be? – Against Movement

33. Streak retinoscopy :If the observer were at the patient’s far point – all the light from the patients eye would enter the observer’s eye and illumination would be uniform and not move

34. Streak retinoscopy and pupil reflex if streak is not aligned with the cylinder axis

35. A -10D myopic eye has a magnification power of – 16.75x (70D/4)

36. A +20 D condensing lens used in indirect ophthalmoscopy will form an image where? – 5cm behind the lens at its posterior focal plane, of course, assuming patient is emmetropic.

37. Image characteristics of image in indirect ophthalmoscopy – Inverted, real

38. TIR – 100% reflectance

39. Refractive Index – velocity of light in air/velocity of light in medium

40. Polarising sunglasses – vertically polarized to block horizontally polarized light

41. Snellen acuity – each letter subtends an angle of – 5 min of arc

42. Snellen acuity – each letter stroke subtends an angle of – 1 min of arc

43. Contrast sensitivity – measured as a function of spatial frequency

44. Contrast sensitivity and and clinical significance – amblyopia etc.

45. Light transmission of 2 means the medium allows transmission of 

46. Myopes with bifocal segments – best shape for the segment is the Flat top segment (reduces prismatic effect and thus reduces image displacement and subsequent heterophoria)

47. Contact lenses – in general the best form of sclera lenses are 

48. In general, spherical soft contact lenses can be used in patients with astigmatism up to -1D

49. Patient with -3.50D of CORNEAL astigmatism will prefer contacts over spectacles because

50. Upper limit of LASIK correction is

51. The minimal corneal bed thickness than can be left post excimer laser treatment is 

52.  The acellular Bowman’s membrane is

53. The most common fitting for a spherical RGP lens is  - base curve matches anterior corneal curvature and its upper edge fits under the upper lid

54. What are the peripheral curves of a contact lens – the posterior peripheral curvature of the lens outside the base curve of the lens

55. In Gullstrand’s REDUCED schematic eye, the axial length is – 22.6mm

56. In Gullstrand’s schematic eye, the eye has a power of - +58.64D

57. Bandage Contact lenses are used mainly for – pain

58. Fitting of rigid sclera contact lenses - features of a good fit

59. Thin, high refractive glass has a RI of – 1.7

60. Videokeratoscopes measure – Corneal topography

61. In measuring the central corneal curvature,  the refractive index of the cornea is taken to be 1.3375

62. Orthokeratology can correct errors up to

63. The streak retinoscope is usually used with its sleeve in which setting? – Plano mirror setting

64. With a large angle Kappa, the eye appears to be deviated

65. Conductive keratoplasty-?!!?

66. Intrastromal corneal rings have the effect of – flattening the central portion of the cornea

67. Pachymeters are used to measure 

68. The pupil that is seen is the ‘entrance pupil’ which is the image of the real pupil, magnified by the dioptric power of the cornea. How much larger is it compared to the real pupil – 13%

69. What is the magnification of the retinal image in a previously emmetropic, aphakic eye with contact lenses? – 7-12%

70. Most of the magnification in an operating microscope is provided by the

71. Zernicke polynomials are used to study? 

72. Why is the viewing arm set at an angle to the illumination arm while performing specular microscopy?