1. Photometry
-troland can be used to measure retinal illumination
-similar to what is given in past mcqs on this web site
2. Prisms
-put base out to correct exotropia
-can correct torsional diplopia
-power of prism can be calculated by axial power multiplied by cosine of angle.
3. Reduced eye
-approximate power is 60D
-axial length is 22.5 mm
-nodal point is one at which visual angle is formed
4. Spherical aberration
-causes bull's-eye retinoscopic reflex in young children
-is dependant on radius of curvature
-reduces with aspheric lenses
5. Safety glasses
-laminated glasses don’t have sharp edges when shattered
-if laminated can only be produced in spherical form and not cylindrical.
-polycarbonate is tough material.
6. Hruby's lens
- is a contact lens
- gives a minified view of the retina
- forms a real inverted image.
- used with concave surface towards patient
7. Indirect ophthalmoscope
-field of view is larger in myopia.
-when a fixed power lens is used at fixed distant from eye, myopic image is
smaller than hypermetropic.
-better pupil dilatation is required for binocular than uniocular indirect
ophthalmoscopy.
8. Direct ophthalmoscopy
-magnification is 15 times in emmetropic eye.
-refractive error affects direct ophthalmoscopy.
9. Jackson cross cylinder
-is composed of equal-power, perpendicular plus and minus cylinders
-has a handle 45 degrees to the axes
-spherical equivalent is 0
10. Applanation tonometry
-area flattened is 13.06mm square.
-based on imbert=fick principle
-appropriate area of applanation is achieved when whole tonometer head touches the cornea
-IOP can be calculated by the formula area=force/IOP
11. Different reading adds required in
-Argyll Robertson pupil
-unilateral Adie's pupil
-anisometropia
-one eye phakic and other pseudophakic
12. Lens form
-toric lens gas spherocylindrical surface in both the meridians
-spherocylindrical lens has spherical surface in one meridian and cylindrical in the other
-BC of plus toric lens is on its ant surface
-meniscus lenses reduces aberration
13. When light enters from denser to a rarer medium
-total internal reflection occurs always
-blue light is refracted more
-its deviated towards the normal
14. Exotropia
-is overestimated with convex lenses
-can be corrected with Wollaston prisms
15. Alternate cover test
-should always be performed before cover-uncover test
-if both eyes move in on uncovering..it's esophoria
-putting neutral density filter in front of one eye will affect the result
16. Saccades
-lasts for 0.002 seconds17. Amblyopia
-visual information is suppressed while saccade is taking place
-it is increased in hypermetropia
-neutral density filter reduces visual acuity
-RAPD may be present in otherwise normal eye
-VEP is generally abnormal
18. Simulated blindness can be detected by
-worth four dot test
-lang stereo test
-OKN
-retinoscopy no subjective correction
- VA is better that 6/18, if pupils are normal reacting
19. Restricted myopathy
-have reduced saccades in all direction of gaze
-forced duction test will be positive
20. Stereo test
-Titmus uses vectograph
-TNO is used with red green glasses
-Lang can be used in very small children
21. Keratometer
-J-S uses fixed image size and variable object size
-measures only central cornea
-can measure axis and power of astigmatism
-utilizes images formed by post corneal surface
22. Laser
-excimer uses active gas with 2 halogen molecules
-excimer penetrates corn 20microm
-it produces photochemical ablation
-picosecond lasers strip electrons & form a cavitation bubble-termed photodisruption
23. If -10.0D myope change from spec to contact lenses
-VF increases
-peri aberrations reduces
-symptom of presbyopia more prominent
-image size is reduced
24. Following associations are true
-childhood refraction and WTR astigmatism
-myopia and flat cornea
-myopia and long axial length
-keratoconus and oil droplet reflex on RETINOSCOPY
-congruous hemianopia and cortical lesion
25. Telescopic LVA
-nonpresbyopic patients can use same device for distant and near by using their accommodation
-increases the outdoor mobility
-increasing the aperture of objective lens will increase field of view
26. Maddox rod in front of right eye
-if line is seen to left of spot then it's exophoria
-for cyclo measurement another MR is put in front of left eye which can be either white or green
27. Adult patient with ptosis, you'll like to check
-cover test in upgaze
-ptosis max in sustained upgaze
-" " in lateral gaze
-ask history of contact lens wear
-examination of upper fornix
28. In case of pupil abnormality, you'll check
-heterochromia irides
-iris examination on slit lamp
-gonioscopy
-ant chamber examination on slit lamp
29. Concave mirror
-if object is on centre of rotation image size will be same
-if object outside the C image always inverted
-if object inside the C always virtual image formed
30. Specular reflection
-used to measure corneal epithelium
-angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection
31. ERG
-a wave represents RPE
-measured by putting electrodes on medial and lateral canthi
-cone function can be isolated by using flicker fusion
32. Visual fields
-damage to outer retinal layers produces blue-yellow defects
-can be snail shaped sometimes in RP
33. Sac syringing
-hard stop indicates common canalicular block
-while doing s/s through' lower canaliculi, fluid can regurgitate through' upper canaliculi in presence of patent drainage system
-punctum and position of lower lid should be examined in upright position
-if punctum is absent always indicates past inflammation or injury.
34. Doppler ultrasound
-detects flow by change in frequency of reflected echo
-can only determine flow towards the probe
-is most useful in vascular lesion of ciliary body
-can quantify blood flow of a tumour.
35. MRI
-eye make up should be removed before MRI
-possible IOFB is contraindication for MRI
36. B-scan
More candidates' experience