Immunology
1. Interferon production:
a. is a fundamental cell response to foreign
nucleic acid
b. is a low molecular weight protein
c. acts directly on virus particles
d. can be produced by almost all cells when stimulated
e. viruses are the most potent stimulators of interferon
production.
Ocular anatomy
2. The ciliary body:
a. consists of the pars plicata and pars plana
b. produces aqueous humour
c. derives its blood supply from the short posterior
ciliary arteries
d. is responsible for accommodation
e. extends 10 mm from the corneoscleral junction
3. Lymphatics of the bulbar conjunctiva:
a. join with lymphatics of the lid at the palpebral
commisures
b. on the medial side drain to the submandibular lymph
nodes
c. communicate with intraocular lymphatics
d. are arranged in a deep and superficial plexus
e. drain aqueous by direct communications with the canal
of Schlemm
4. The medial wall of the orbit includes:
a. the body of the sphenoid
b. the trochlear fossa
c. the frontal process of the maxilla
d. the palatine bone
e. the anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
Head and neck anatomy
5. The posterior triangle of the neck:
a. is bounded anteriorly by the sternomastoid
muscle
b. is traversed by the phrenic nerve
c. is traversed by the internal jugular vein
d. is divided into equal parts by the accessory nerve
e. is crossed by the anterior jugular vein
CNS anatomy
6. The blood supply of the visual pathways is as follows:
a. intracanalicular part of the optic nerve is
supplied by the
axial branch of the central retinal
artery
b. intracranial part of the optic nerve is supplied by
the
axial branch from the internal carotid
artery
c. occipital pole of the cerebral cortex is supplied by
the
middle cerebral artery
d. lateral geniculate body is partly supplied by the deep
optic branch of the middle cerebral
artery
e. optic tract is entirely supplied by pial plexus
General pathology
7. The pathological changes in sarcoidosis include:
a. tubercles containing epithelioid cells
b. tubercles with central areas of necrosis
c. giant cells containing calcified inclusions
d. rise in serum globulin
e. reduced serum calcium
8. Atheroma of the major vessels is associated with:
a. hypertrophy of the media
b. deposition of lipid material in the intima
c. the presence of calcium salts in the intima
d. increased lymphocytic infiltration of intima
e. the late development of aneurysmal dilatation.
9. Hypertrophy of a tissue is associated with:
a. proliferation of the cells
b. an enlargement of the size of the individual cells
c. increased functional activity
d. increased blood supply
e. a change of one cell type to another
General microbiology
10. Neisseria gonorrhoea:
a. is a gram positive coccus
b. is aerobic
c. survives for long periods outside the body
d. produces its toxicity by means of an endotoxin
e. can infect most laboratory animals
11. Herpes simplex virus:
a. is an ovoid virus of 300 to 350 um in length
b. can be detected in cell nuclei 12 hours after infection
c. produces an eosinophilic inclusion body
d. produces a final elementary body which has a double
membrane
e. produces elementary bodies which are released by total
rupture of host cells
Ocular microbiology
12. The following diseases are associated with cell-mediated
tissue
damaging reactions in
the eye:
a. systemic lupus erythematosus
b. pemphigus vulgaris
c. chronic tuberculosis
d. contact dermatitis
e. Goodpasture's syndrome
Ocular embryology
13. In the development of the cornea:
a. the superficial epithelial layer is derived
from mesoderm
b. keratocytes invade the cornea just before birth
c. at birth the horizontal corneal diameter is about 10
mm
d. Descemet's membrane is secreted by the keratocytes
e. the cornea is clear at all stages of its development
Genera physiology
14. With respect to hearing:
a. the elaborate design of the middle ear largely
solves the
mechanical problem of transmitting
sound from air to
fluid
b. the frequency of firing of auditory nerve fibres always
matches the frequency of the sound
that stimulates them
c. sound is converted into neural signals in the inner
ear
where it causes vibrations of the
basilar membrane
d. at frequencies below 1500 Hz differences in the time
of
arrival of a sound at the two ears
form a useful clue to
the direction of sound
e. at high frequencies natural sounds which are on one
side
or the other tend to have different
amplitudes at the two
ears
15. Insulin:
a. is released from the pancreas by the action
of
somatostatin
b. is bound to a plasma protein
c. stimulates gluconeogenesis
d. tends to decrease plasma potassium levels
e. promotes active membrane transport of glucose into
hepatocytes
Ocular and visual physiology
16. The following are found in higher concentrations in
aqueous than in
plasma:
a. protein
b. glucose
c. ascorbic acid
d. urea
e. lactic acid
17. Accommodation:
a. is abolished by sympathomimetic drugs
b. produces an increased curvature of the anterior surface
of the lens
c. is dependent on the elasticity of the lens capsule
d. is regulated with the help of chromatic aberration
e. is essential for the appreciation of stereopsis
18. Retinal pigment epithelial cells:
a. phagocytose rod outer segment discs that are
shed in
the mornings
b. esterify and store excess retinol
c. are independent units and do not communicate
electrically or metabolically with
each other
d. are secured laterally to each other by tight junctions
(zonulae occludentes)
e. cannot undergo mitosis in response to injury
General pharmacology
19. Acetazolamide acts as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
and has a
direct effect at the following
sites:
a. ciliary body
b. the gall bladder
c. the choroid plexus of the cerebral ventricles
d. the renal tubule
e. the gastric mucosa
20. Topical metipranolol:
a. antagonizes the effects of isoprenaline
b. has a mild local anaesthetic effect
c. decreases plasma uric acid levels
d. carries no increased risk of inducing airways obstruction
e. has ß1 and ß2 blockade effects
Ocular pharmacology
21. Pyrimethamine:
a. produces its effects by antagonism to folic
acids
b. passes in high concentrations across the blood aqueous
barrier
c. can produce thrombocytopenia
d. when used to treat patients with toxoplasmosis, folic
acid should be used to abort side
effects
e. acts synergistically with sulphonamide drugs
22. The following drugs increase aqueous secretion:
a. methazolamide
b. digitalis
c. salbutamol
d. adrenaline
e. pilocarpine