a. Hypertrophy is an increase in tissue size due to increased cell number

b. Hyperplasia is an increase in tissue size due to an increase in cell size

c. Atrophy is a decrease in tissue size due to disuse

d. Metaplasia is a change from one abnormal tissue type to another

e. A hamartoma is a developmental abnormality 

Answera.F    b.F   c.T   d.F   e.T
Hypertrophy is an increase in size
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell numbers
Metaplasia is a change in normal cell
 

a. confers active immunity

b. should not be given to immunocompromised patients

c. needs not be given if the patients had received the toxoid in 
    the last five years

d. is given to babies three times as a component of triple vaccines

e. can cause autism

Answera.T   b.F    c.T   d.T   e.F
Tetanus toxoid is not a live vaccine and therefore safe in the immunocompromised patients.

3. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus):

a. is more likely to cause deeper infection than ordinary 
    Staphylococcus aureus strains

b. causes asymptomatic colonization in the nose

c. pulsed field gel electrophoresis is useful in the investigation of 
    outbreak

d. is resistant to iodine solution

e. is sensitive to vancomycin

Answera.F   b.T   c.T   d.F   e.T
The infection caused by MRSA is not more deeper than the ordinary strain.
In addition to nose, asymptomatic colonization can occurs in the axillae and groins.
It is killed by exposure to iodine.

4. The following are true about endophthalmitis following cataract extraction:

a. intravenous penicillin is useful 

b. intravenous vancomycin is useful

c. topical antibiotics should form the main stay of treatment

d. steroid should never be used

e. amikacin is less toxic than gentamicin when injected into the 
    vitreous

Answera.F   b.F   c.F   d.F   e.T
Intravenous antibiotics do not penetrate the blood-ocular barrier. Ciprofloxacin may be useful if given intravenously as it has good ocular penetration but the main stay of treatment should remain intravitreous antibiotics. The antibiotics most commonly used in the UK are amikacin and vancomycin.
Steroid can be useful in reducing the inflammation.

5. The differences between benign and malignant tumours include:

a. benign tumours do not cause death

b. surrounding bony changes do not occur in benign tumour

c. the nuclei in malignant tumours are hyperchromatic

d. mitosis is absent in benign tumour

e. metastasis do not occur in benign tumour

Answera.F   b.F   c.T   d.F   e.F
Benign tumours if located in strategic area can cause death for example brain tumour can lead to hydrocephalus.
Bony erosion can occur with an expanding benign tumour.
Mitosis is present in both benign and malignant tumours. But in malignant tumour, the mitosis is much higher.
Metastasis can occur with benign tumour for example endometriosis which can spread through blood from the uterus to lungs.
 
 

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