Test 176  (General physiology)

1. Vasodilatation occurs in: 

a. increased lactate concentration.

b. decreased in skin temperature

c. increased hydrogen ions concentration

d. increased in potassium concentration

e. reduced oxygen tension
 

Answera.T   b.F  c.T   d.T  e.T
Metabolic acidosis causes vasodilatation. Vasodilatation occurs with increased in skin temperature.

2. The effects of stress include:

a. increased testosterone secretion

b. decreased insulin secretion

c. increased prolactin secretion

d. increased ADH secretion

e. increased glucagon secretion
 

Answera.F  b.T  c.T  d.T  e.T
The secretion of the hormones are increased under stress: prolactin, ADH, glucagon, ACTH, cortisol, renin and growth hormone. Insulin and testosterone secretions are decreased under stress.
 
 

3. Hyperventilation:

a. decreases cerebral blood flow

b. increases ionized calcium concentration in the serum

c. causes hypocapnia

d. causes metabolic alkalosis

e. increases cardiac output
 

Answer
a.T   b.F  c.T  d.F  e.T
Hyperventilation gives rise to hypocapnia and a respiratory alkalosis. The blood vessels are constricted and there is an increased in cardiac output. The blood flow to the brain is decreased.

 

. 4. Pain from local anaesthesia injection can be reduced by:

a. warming the local anaesthetic

b. quick injection

c. using a needle with a small bore

d. adding sodium bicarbonate in the local anaesthetic

e. adding hyaluronidase
 

Answer
a.T  b.F  c.T  d.T  e.F
Application of a topical anaesthesia, warming the local anaesthetic, slow injection, using needle with a small bore and adding sodium bicarbonate are ways of reducing discomfort during injection. Hyaluronidase increases penetration of the local anaesthetic.

5. The following solutions are isotonic (same osmolarity as the plasma):

a. Harman's solution

b. 0.9% saline

c. 10% mannitol

d. 5% glucose

e. 4% glucose and 0.18% saline
 

Answer
a.T   b.T  c.F  d.T  e.T
10% mannitol is hypertonic.

 

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